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A Color Atlas of Sectional Anatomy of the Mouse


INTRODUCTION

The mouse is the most widely used laboratory mammal in biomedical research such as evaluation of the safety and effectiveness of new pharmaceutical products, research in tumor suppression, and vaccine and monoclinal antibody proportional studies. For example, about seven million mice are used for various research projects (JALAS working group in 1995) in Japan alone.
While picture information on the anatomies of humans and companion animals (especially dogs and cats) have been described in detail, so far, descriptions of the anatomy of laboratory mice are insufficient except in atlases of the development of the fetal stages and specific parts of the body (brain, spinal cord, etc.) . Furthermore, we discoverer some mistakes in the mouse anatomy books that were published earlier in Japan. Because of above backgrounds, detailed knowledge of the anatomy of the mouse has become increasingly in demand.
We are carrying out a study in preparation for publishing a color atlas series on the anatomy of experimental animals (Color Atlas of Sectional Anatomy of Rabbit; Chikusan Publishing Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan, 1993 and Color Atlas of Sectional Anatomy of Rat; Chikusan Publishing Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan, 1997) . Utilizing the above experience, we have made an atlas of the macroscopic and sectional anatomy of the mouse.

MATERIAL and METHODS

Two types of Japanese outbred stock mice (ddY and ICR) of both sexes ranging in age from fetus to 20 weeks were used in this study.
The mice were sacrificed using superfluous sodium pentobarbital (Nembutal; 100mg/kg intravenously) , and macro and microscopic photographs of the dissected cadavers were taken immediately for the making of our atlas. Other cadavers were depilated using 20% Barium Sulfide (Junsei Chemical Co., Ltd.) and frozen in a deep freezer(-40゜C. The frozen cadavers were cut (sagittal, dorsal and transverse) using a low-speed diamond disk saw blade (Labo-cutter; Maruto Co., Ltd.) to obtain preparations for sectional anatomy. The surface of the sliced frozen preparation was dissolved using physiological saline before being photographed. Latex rubber mixed with red paint was poured into arteries of some of the cadavers.All methods were performed according to Guideline on Animal Experimentation of Jikei University.

The strong point of our color atlas are as follows :
1.We are attempting to present our specimens as they would appear in the living state, so specimens were not treated, in order to obtain photographic information close to the living state.
2.The atlas has 55 color pages, 2 pages of black and white macro-anatomical photographs (angiograph) , and 93 pages of color sectional anatomical photographs (sagittai, dorsal and transverse sections) .
3.All pages consist of photographs so as to make the detail more comprehensive and three-dimensional than the usual pictorial atlas.
4.The anatomical terms used are in Japanese and English.

We referred to the following references in making our atlas.
1)Cook, M.J. (1965) .The Anatomy of the Laboratory Mouse. Academic Press, London.
2)Foster, H.L., J.D. Small and J.G. Fox(ed). (1983). The Mouse in Biomedical Research Vol.3 Chapter 7 Anatomy. Academic Press. London.
3)Green, E. L. (ed) . (1966) . Biology of the Laboratory Mouse. McGraw-Hill. New York. Chapter 13. Anatomy, Katharine P.H. et al.
4)Gude, W.D., G.E. Cosgrove and G.P. Hiesch. (1982). Histological Atlas of the Laboratory Mouse. Plenum Press. New York.
5)Kaufman, M.H. (1992) . The Atlas of Mouse Development. Academic Press, London.
6)Popesko, P., V. Rajtova, and J. Horak. (1992). A Color Atlas of Anatomy of Small Laboratory Animals 2. Mouse. Wolfe Publishing Ltd., London.
7)Sidman, R.L., J.B. Angevine Jr. and E.T.Pierce. (1971). Atlas of the Mouse Brain and Spinal Cord. Harvard University Press, Cambridge.
8)Theiler, K (1989) . The House Mouse: Atlas of Embryonic Development. Springer-Verlag, New York.

TAKAMASA IWAKl, DVM, Ph.D.
Associate Professor, Laboratory Animal Facilities, Research Center for Medical Sciences, The Jikei University School of Medicine

HIROSHI YAMASHITA, M.D.
Professor, Departrnent of Anatomy (1) , The Jikei University School of Medicine

TOSHIYUKI HAYAKAWA, DVM,Ph.D.
Associate Professor, Department of Anatomy (1) , The Jikei University School of Medicine

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